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The 100 Most Influential People in the World
They are the people who inspire us, entertain us, challenge us and change our world. Meet the breakouts, pioneers, moguls, leaders and icons who make up this year’s TIME 100

BY LARRY SUMMERS
Mario Monti
Prime Minister
At this moment, Mario Monti is the world’s most important ex-economics professor. True, Ben Bernanke’s monetary-policy decisions will move the needle in the U.S., but the fate of a continent rests on Monti’s shoulders. If he can continue to institute meaningful reform, Europe will successfully weather the debt crisis. If he cannot, the vision of a unified Europe will unravel.
Already he has pulled Italy from the ledge by standing up to vested interests — taxi drivers, pharmacists and railway workers — to increase competition and renew economic vitality. Instituting these reforms took great courage, particularly in a country where leaders have too often proved beholden to powerful lobbies. He has taken painful steps to cut spending, raise taxes and reduce Italy’s budget deficit. As a result, the nation’s bond yields have tightened significantly, and imminent fears about the monetary union’s collapse have subsided.
Monti, 69, knows that growth is what is most important. Reforming Italy’s two-tier labor system to foster such growth will be his most arduous task. However, given the courage and dexterity he’s displayed thus far, I trust that he’s up to the challenge. The stakes could hardly be higher.
Summers is a former Treasury Secretary and current professor at Harvard University

LA LISTA DEI CENTO
Full List
TIME 100: THE LIST
Jeremy Lin
Christian Marclay
Viola Davis
Salman Khan
Tim Tebow
E.L. James
Louis CK
Rihanna
Marco Rubio
Ali Ferzat
René Redzepi
Kristen Wiig
Anthony Kennedy
Novak Djokovic
Ben Rattray
Jessica Chastain
Yani Tseng
Raphael Saadiq
Elinor Ostrom
Samira Ibrahim
José Andrés
Ann Patchett
Dulce Matuz
Henrik Schärfe
Freeman Hrabowski
Maryam Durani
Manal al-Sharif
Anjali Gopalan
Rached Ghannouchi
Barbara Van Dahlen
Ron Fouchier
Donald Sadoway
Hans Rosling
Asghar Farhadi
Sarah Burton
Anonymous
Pete Cashmore
Cami Anderson
Ali Babacan and Ahmet Davutoglu
Ai-jen Poo
Marc Andreessen
Preet Bharara
Robert Grant
Andrew Lo
Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy
Alexei Navalny
Ray Dalio
Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber al-Thani
Chelsea Handler
Harvey Weinstein
Chen Lihua
Warren Buffett
Alice Walton
Harold Hamm
Sheryl Sandberg
Sara Blakely
Tim Cook
Eike Batista
Daniel Ek
Virginia Rometty
Barack Obama
Goodluck Jonathan
Xi Jinping
Fatou Bensouda
Christine Lagarde
Mario Draghi
U Thein Sein
Ayatullah Ali Khamenei
Mitt Romney
Juan Manuel Santos
Timothy Dolan
Portia Simpson Miller
Mario Monti
Wang Yang
Maria das Graças Silva Foster
Andrew Cuomo
Iftikhar Chaudhry
Mamata Banerjee
Walter Isaacson
Ron Paul
Benjamin Netanyahu
Dilma Rousseff
Erik Martin
Cecile Richards
Angela Merkel
Lionel Messi
Tilda Swinton
Hillary Clinton
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, and Pippa Middleton
Adele
Matt Lauer
Oscar Pistorius
Claire Danes
Stephen Colbert
ROGUES
Kim Jong Un
Mullah Mohammed Omar and Sheik Moktar Ali Zubeyr
Bashar Assad
JOEL STEIN ESSAY
From 100 to Eternity
The All-Time TIME 100 of All Time
EDITOR’S LETTER
A World of Possibilities


Read more: http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2111975,00.html#ixzz1sPTn73LW



I’m sure you’ll learn a lot of things by reading the TIME 100. Shallow things about this brief moment in history, but, still, things. But some of you — the intellectuals, the strivers, let’s face it, the 1% — will be less interested in the 100 most influential people right now and more interested in the list I’ve put together of the 100 most influential people in history. The All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™ is a list designed not just to make you think, like the regular TIME 100, or even to make you think about thinking, like you thought I was going to say, but to make you think about how smart I am.
To make the All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™ list, I followed several rules that seem to govern the TIME 100. There had to be a lot more Americans than is historically warranted, I had to pile on as many minorities and women as possible, and I had to prove that some influential people are attractive movie stars. Also, I had to contact a brain trust of experts so that I could point to them if questioned about any of my choices.
The first expert I called was James Lipton, host of Bravo’s Inside the Actors Studio. Normally, when conducting an interview, you have to ask at least one question, but Lipton started with Euripides and kept talking for 45 minutes. He confidently eliminated whole swaths of history, saying things like, "The Romans don’t make it for me." Along with picking Shakespeare, Mozart and Beethoven, Lipton had some surprising choices, such as George Balanchine and Stephen Sondheim. For actors he chose Edmund Kean and Charlie Chaplin. Then he said, "For a 20th century actor, should we say it together? One, two, three..." I said, "Brando!" while he said "Brahhhhhndo." I never nail that say-it-at-the-same-time thing. At least this time I didn’t blurt out, "I love you." Though I almost did.
Lipton’s list was great, but it was full of white men. For help I called Cornel West, a professor at Princeton’s Center for African-American Studies and author of Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud, but the voice mail he left me was less list-broadening than I’d hoped. "Brother Joel Stein, hope you’re staying strong," he said. "Don’t forget St. Francis of Assisi and Martin Luther King Jr. Definitely Chekhov. I’d say John Coltrane." Then he tried to come up with some women: "I wish it were Toni Morrison. I’d probably say Antigone, but she’s not for real." One thing was clear: Cornel West will never host Inside the Actors Studio.
When I asked historian Douglas Brinkley for a bunch of Americans I could plausibly shove on the All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™, he started pouring them out: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Edison, Walt Whitman, Elvis Presley, the Wright Brothers, Neil Armstrong. He was really good at this. He told me that was because he was writing a preface for a book about the 100 most influential people in history. A book being put out by TIME.
I couldn’t believe that TIME’s books division was brazenly trying to steal my totally original All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™ idea. So I called Steve Koepp, my old editor, who now supervises TIME books, and asked him whether, after nine years, TIME had run out of ways to exploit the TIME 100 or I had run out of ways to make fun of it. Before we could figure that out, we started comparing our lists. The All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™ (which you can read at time.com/joelslist) was so obviously better. His list contained just three people whose last name was "the Great." Mine has 15. I’m pretty sure that if someone gets called the Great, it’s for a reason, like that they’re great. His list has no actors, while mine has four, and he doesn’t have a single celebrity chef. And disastrously, he doesn’t have anyone who became famous in this millennium, whereas I have Mark Zuckerberg, which greatly increases the odds of my list being posted all over Facebook.
While I was in the midst of mocking him (Abraham wasn’t a real person! Ashoka the Great was no Akbar the Great! You didn’t talk to James Lipton!), Koepp told me his list wasn’t finalized and he’d take mine into consideration. Plus I could write one of the entries. As I worked on the Nietzsche page, I realized that the TIME 100 is less a silly gimmick than a wonderful intellectual parlor game, which is a phrase I’ve heard the editors of TIME use since 1999 and which I have used to make fun of the editors of TIME since 1999. But now that I’ve finally been included, I am way into intellectual parlor games. I can’t wait to be invited to more of them. Maybe a night of six degrees of Bernard-Henri Lévy or an appearance in a Ken Burns documentary. I can’t believe I ever made fun of these lists in the first place.


Read more: http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2112269_2112268,00.html #ixzz1sPU3m3QZ


I’m a big picture, big thinker kind of guy. So while my editors mess around with the 100 most important people right now, I’m swirling a brandy sifter full of smart and compiling a list that tells the story of the human race: The All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™. It is a list, I assume, that will be carved in stone, put in every time capsule and projected by lasers into space. Also, please tweet it and post it on your Facebook walls.
The only thing you need to know about this list is that, like the Time 100, people are not listed in order of importance. So if you’re a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist, a Jew or a Zoroastrian, you have no reason to get upset. I’m hoping, however, that no Scientologists see this.
Homer
The Iliad AND The Odyssey? That’s a lot of our high school hours. I was pretty impressed until All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™ list consultant James Lipton said this: "Chances are 10 to one there were a number of poets named Homer. It was probably more than one person." Still, Lipton said I had to include him/them.
Newton
Before Newton, gravity did not exist. People just floated, like on spaceships. It was hard to get stuff done.
Darwin
Every list needs a little controversy. Many people in Kansas don’t believe Darwin exists.
Euripides
He wrote Medea, Electra and The Trojan Women. He also wrote The Phoenician Women, which seems a little derivative to me after The Trojan Women. But Lipton said: "He made the armature on which all drama is built. And interestingly enough, all comedy as well. He looms very large." His output was so immense that he was, in essence, the Tyler Perry of ancient Greece.
Plato
You know the Platonic idea? That comes from Plato. Because he was perfect. I bet he used that at parties to hit on women.
Architects of Notre Dame
This isn’t a person. This isn’t an achievement on anyone else’s list of 100 people. But James Lipton kind of insisted: "They fell in love with the gentler side of the Christian faith, and Mary as intercessor. They made churches that would appeal to her as a woman. They were jewels meant to attract our lady. They were jewels! They really were."
Peter Abelard
He was a star medieval philosopher, but he’s also the most romantic man in history. He loved Heloise so much that he got castrated for it. And then, even though he was castrated, he still loved her. That’s love! If I were castrated, the only thing I would love is TV.
Leonardo da Vinci
I decided to only pick one of the ninja turtles. This Renaissance man was the most Renaissancy. Not in a Renaissance fair way, though I bet he could joust and eat a turkey leg too. He could do anything.
Rembrandt
His portraits look just like every other museum portrait in that portrait section of the museum to me, but Lipton says, "He’s just plain better than anybody else. He just takes my breath away."
Mozart
You know how we call all instrumental "classical" music? That’s because music from the classical period was so good. And Mozart was the classical guy. He’s so good that people mistakenly think he wrote Twinkle Twinkle Little Star. No one thinks Handel wrote The Itsy Bitsy Spider.
Bach
His fugues was considered fuddy-duddy during his time, and his time was so long ago the term "fuddy-duddy" didn’t even exist yet. But now his stuff fits in on the radio with Mozart, Beethoven and Igor Stravinsky. Soon anything that isn’t dub step will sound the same.
Beethoven
You know how we’re totally into expressing our true selves? This ultimate narcissist ushered in the age of me. Which makes it weird that Schroeder loved him so much. He was a quiet humble Peanuts character. Lucy should have loved Beethoven.
Shakespeare
When I first read Shakespeare, I was like, "What’s the big deal?" That’s because when you’re told he’s the best writer of all time you expect something totally different than anything else you’ve ever read. But it’s more like premier grand cru Bordeaux than a California cult cab — it’s just kind of subtly perfect and nuanced, not big and shocking. Of all the snotty things said about Shakespeare, I’m thinking that premier grand cru thing is up there.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Without him, we’d be calling Superman "Flying Alien Guy." Without him, the deconstructionists would not exist which would mean that thousands of grad students in the 1980s would have had to get real jobs. Without him, the 1980s band that combined "Freebird" and "Baby, I Love Your Way" would not have been called Will to Power. Also, Hitler would have had to quote Schopenhauer, which would have made him even more unlikeable, thus destroying the space-time continuum.
Edmund Kean
Lipton: "Kean played Shylock like he was a human being. He was the first actor who said, ’This person must be recognizable as a human being.’ He was advised by his colleagues not to do it because it would so shock the audience that was so accustomed to the oratory of Shakespeare performance, but he defied them. And the audiences were on its knees!" Before you judge me too harshly for putting some actor you’ve never heard of on the list, know that Lipton also wanted me to include Tennessee Williams, Arthur Miller, Ingmar Bergman, Yeats, Arthur Rimbaud and George Balanchine. So I pretty much held my ground.
Constantin Stanislavski
I’ll just let Lipton talk: "He took what he had seen Salvini [Note: No idea who that is or if I spelled it correctly] and Doozer [Note: No idea who that is or if I spelled it correctly] do, and tried to figure out how they did what they did when they were at their best. His influence on acting is universal. Sure, there were pockets of resistance. You don’t use it for the Beijing opera or the Comédie-Française, but with the advent of motion pictures that kid of acting was no longer appropriate and did look in the early days of films, foolish."
John Donne
I don’t know all that much about poetry, but Lipton said I had to put Donne on. He also wanted Yeats and Rimbaud, but enough is enough, Lipton!
Charlie Chaplin
I know. But Lipton said I had to: "When the history of the 20th century film is written there will be four or five name and one of them will be Charlie Chaplin. Though we all know Buster Keaton was a much more sophisticated and revolutionary filmmaker."
Marlon Brando
If this list is illustrated, he will have the largest picture. You do not want a list with just ugly people. No one reads that list.
Suleyman the Magnificent
Despite the name, not actually a magician. He did wear a very magician-like hat. But still, not a magician.
Aristotle
This list totally disses on Socrates. Why do you think we ignored you, Socrates? Is it, perhaps, because this method of learning where we ask questions is super annoying?
Thomas Aquinas
All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™ list consultant Cornel West really wanted St. Francis of Assisi, and that bird thing is cool, but I’m guessing Cornel West isn’t going to click through this list, so I’m going Aquinas.
Martin Luther King Jr.
A holiday and a U2 song? I need no further justification.
Mustafa Atattürk
I did not put him on the list because Turkish people flooded Time.com with requests for Atatuk on the list of the most important person of the 20th century, and I don’t need that kind of flood in my personal inbox. No, I did it because he deserved it.
John Coltrane
Cornel West was nice enough to help me and really wanted Coltrane on the list. Plus, without "A Love Supreme," NPR would have nothing to start their shows with.
George Washington
He’s the father of the greatest, best country that God has ever given man on the face of the Earth, as Sean Hannity has called it.
Abraham Lincoln
I was on the fence about this one until I heard about the vampire hunting.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
He was president a lot of times.
Thomas Edison
You know what he invented? Everything. That thing you’re using right now? Edison invented it. The thing you were using right before that? Edison invented that too. The thing you’re about to use? That one wasn’t Edison. But it’s not really that great.
Henry Ford
Imagine running an incredibly successful business while not getting along with the union or the Jews? That’s a rough path.
Pliny the Elder
He was Theodore Roosevelt of ancient Rome. He liked plants a lot.
Benjamin Franklin
Not actually a president, but knew a lot of presidents. Plus, he invented things. And slept with French women.
Fidel Castro
A good list needs a name that will generate controversy.
Sappho
Lesbian stuff used to be named after her until the Internet came along and replaced it with "girl-on-girl."
Copernicus
Historian and All-Time TIME 100 of All Time™ list consultant Douglas Brinkley wanted me to include Neil Armstrong, but if that guy was so influential, wouldn’t lots of people be going to the moon? Neil Armstrong is the equivalent of Christopher Columbus going across the ocean and discovering Cleveland.
Euclid
It’s called Euclidian Geometry for a reason. If they called it Diophantian algebra, Diophantus would make the list. The point is: It’s all marketing. Euclid would totally have been one of those guys who take a shirtless photo of himself in the mirror for his Facebook profile picture.
The Prophet Muhammad
He is very influential.
Jesus Christ
Three billion Christians can’t all be wrong. I mean, they could be, but still, if three billion people follow your teachings 2,000 years after you’re dead, that’s pretty influential.
Siddhartha Gautama Buddha
The only thing that made me even think about not putting him on this list is that most influential people are a little better at managing their image. I’m just saying that for a skinny dude, there’s a lot of Chinese restaurants with little statues of him looking ginormous.
Confucius
Though he doesn’t get the credit, he wrote Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother long before Amy Chua.
Johannes Gutenberg
Without him, we wouldn’t have the printing press. Which was an important system for distributing information before the Internet.
Galileo Galelei
He is known as the "father of modern observational astronomy," the "father of modern physics,"the "father of science,""the Father of Modern Science" and "the father of giving your kids crazy-ass names."
Rene Descartes
Though he somehow seemed to believe there were only two dimensions, he did an awful lot with them.
Alexander the Great
Anyone called "the Great" pretty much made my list.
Mahatma Gandhi
Think about every single protest you’ve ever seen. Would any one of those people be out there if Gandhi had come up with "violent civil obedience"? No. They’d be home eating Doritos and rocking out to Phish records.
Karl Marx
Totally convincing. Totally wrong. Still, he’s on the board for a nice try.
Sigmund Freud
Without him, we would not have Oprah.
Rumi
Thanks to Rumi, weddings are all six minutes longer than necessary.
Louis Pasteur
Would have also put Louis Homogen on the list, but could not Google who invented homogenizing milk.
Adolf Hitler
Nearly 70 years after his death, the meanest thing you can do is compare someone to Hitler. You can say someone is acting crazy like Charlie Manson, or that an anti-intellectual is a little Pol Pot-y, but as soon as you mention Hitler, you go to conversation jail.
Geoffrey Chaucer
No one before and no one after became such an acceptable part of public school education with a book with that long of a fart joke.
Marie Curie
Everyone called her Madame. That’s pretty impressive. Also, I needed more women on this list. Women weren’t allowed to do much stuff for most of history. It took me a long time to understand that. I was very confused about why we learned about Clara Barton in school.
Genghis Khan
About 30 million people today are great-great-great-great-great-great-grandchildren of Genghis Khan. Impregnating lots and lots of women is a very solid way to become influential.
James Watt
Yes his steam engine led to the industrial revolution, which led people from the country to the city. But what’s more impressive is all these things are named after him: the kilowatt, megawatt, gigawatt, nanowatt, microwatt, picowatt, femtowatt, terawatt and petawatt. But not the "What you talkin bout Willis" which was invented by Gary Coleman, who did not make this list.
Napoleon
He represented everything that was good about the Enlightenment and France and then, quickly, everything that was bad about the Enlightenment and France. Plus, before him no one had a quick way to explain what jerks short guys are.
Watson and Crick
Thanks to them, you can now spit in a vile, mail it to a company and for a couple of hundred bucks, spend a lot of time worrying about the fact that you’re 28% more likely than the average person to get macular degeneration.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
He was kind of the Occupy Movement guy of his time.
William the Conqueror
Although not as great as "the great," being called "the Conqueror" probably means you got some stuff done.
Qin Shi Huang
Did he burn some books? Sure. Did he bury a few scholars alive? Yeah. But he instituted legalism, without which, the Chinese would not have been so ready for Communism. Also, he built a lot of the Great Wall and those terracotta soldiers, without which, China would not have tourism.
Einstein
Without him, we’d all be walking around unable to take amounts of energy and figure out how much mass it was equal to. And we’d all be stupidly trying to go faster than light. Thanks, Einstein!
Moses
May not have been a real person. Which would kick him off the list. It turns out, however, that modern scholars disagree on whether it would be worth my time to research whether he was a real person.
Mark Zuckerberg
The only person from the 21st Century on the list. Steve Jobs just made things pretty. Zuckerberg ushered in an age where its totally acceptable to take near-naked photos of yourself in the bathroom mirror, post them publicly and then refer to it as part of your "self-branding."
Lao Tzu
Yeah, I left off Mencius. Mencius is the Socrates of China.
Cyrus the Great
No idea what he did, but he was called "the great" and that’s good enough for me.
Marie-Antoine Careme
The first celebrity chef. Known as "the king of chefs and the chef of kings" which I’m sure sounds even better in French.
Christopher Columbus
We spent a lot of time in elementary school learning all those explorers, so they must be important. Then again, we spent a lot of time learning the names of clouds and Greek columns.
Pericles
Not the guy who killed Medusa, who was not a real guy. This one didn’t behead any snake-haired women, but if he did make Ancient Greece the kind of place where people voted and watched plays about people who beheaded snake-haired women.
Attila the Hun
I wonder if he was offended by being called Attila the Hun. It seems like if a bunch of gentiles calling me Joel the Jew.
Ashoka the Great
I assume there was some "great" committee that vetted these things.
Hammurabi
Hammurabi’s Code of 1772 BC established law and justice. It’s also super fun to say.
Elizabeth I
So incredibly popular, they made a sequel.
Hildegard of Bingen
I may be stretching here to get women on the list.
Cleopatra VII
Not until Lady Gaga will a woman with such a decent-size nose be this powerful again.
Joan of Arc
I do not understand who she really was or what she really did. But the French use her as a symbol for everything. I’m guessing there’s a lot of feminism classes in the L’ecole about Joan d’Arc and returning the gaze.
Catherine de Medici
Showtime may have gone with the Borgias, but the Medicis kicked their butts.
Catherine the Great
I’m starting to worry that people just called themselves "great."
Mary Wollstonecraft
She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women and had a daughter who wrote Frankenstein. Also, she slept around. Very riot grrl.
Louis Dageurre
Invented the camera. Do you know how much Facebook would have paid for that?
Saladin
So charming that even after beating back the Crusaders, Christian poets wrote really nice poems about him.
Otto the Great
Is it possible "great" meant something else back then, like "dude"?
Frederick the Great
Would never had made this list if not for "the Great" part. And Charlemagne would have, if he stuck with his other name "Charles the Great." Bad call, Charlemagne. That’s the hubris of wanting a name that works in a Steely Dan song.
Ramses the Great
Sure, most people know this pharaoh as Ramses II, but, I swear, he was also known as "Ramses the Great." Maybe that’s not so shocking since you have to be pretty great to have a condom named after you.
Constantine the Great
He is why Istanbul was Constantinople. Thus influencing novelty songs.
Martin Luther
Thorough research proved, to my surprise, that he was not Martin Luther King Jr.’s dad. Which means he made it onto this list on his own merits.
Liu Bang
You know him better as Emperor Gaozu of Han. Actually, you don’t know him, unless you live in China and you’re using Google translate to read this. In which case I’m sure there’s lots of funny mistakes. I bet this stuff about "the great" has been translated to be "the big" with some sexual connotation. That would be awesome.
Alfred the Great
The only English monarch ever to be called "the great." Though I have high hopes for Prince William.
Pope Leo the Great
He convinced Attila the Hun to turn around and not take over Rome, thus allowing all of our modern restaurants to be Italian. But mostly, he’s on here because he was called "the great."
Gregory the Great
Also known as Pope Gregory I, John Calvin called him the last good pope. He’s the patron saint of musicians, singers, students, teachers and people who make lists of the 100 most influential people of all time.
Ivan the Great
I’m going to admit that when you’re trying to come up with 100 names, this "the great" thing is a bit of a crutch.
Niels Bohr
Without his debates where he out-geniused Einstein about the existence of quantum mechanics, millions of freshman year conversations between stoners about reality just being a series of probabilities would not exist.
Wright Brothers
I love when you get two people for one spot. It’s like finding a loophole in the list-making rule.
Zheng He
This explorer’s early 15th Century voyages were so legendary that an epic about them was written in 1597 called "The Romance of the Three-Jeweled Eunuch." That’s right: He was propelled to fame and bravery despite not being able to have sex.
Peter the Great
He modernized Russia. Unfortunately he died at 42 and his work is still unfinished.
Augustus
Without Augustus, we’d go straight from July to September, thus effectively eviscerating summer vacation.
Pablo Picasso
If it weren’t for Picasso, we wouldn’t be drawing everything as unrecognizable, multinosed cubes. Oh wait...
John Locke
It came down to either this philosopher, who ushered in the Enlightenment, or Immanuel Kant, who wrote the Prolegamena to Any Future Metaphysics, which is perhaps the most boring book I’ve ever read. Locke!
Akbar the Great
Different than Ashoka the Great, but not all that different.
Zoroaster
He gave us the concept of free will, without which there would be neither Tea Party nor Rush lyrics.
Adam Smith
Without him, Wall Street Journal editorials would have no one to quote.
Darius the Great
He was actually pretty great.


Read more: http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2112269_2112278,00.html #ixzz1sPYxUv6p